Formation of Galaxy | Origin of the Universe | Big Bang Theory

Origin of the Universe

Introduction:-

The vast vast space around us is called the universe and it includes all the bodies like distant stars, planets, satellites as well as the earth and all the matter on it. In other words, the universe, from the smallest molecules to the giant galaxies, is called the universe.

There is a lack of adequate knowledge regarding the size and extent of the universe. However, it is estimated that there are about 100 billion celestials in the universe and 100 billion stars in each. The Sun, which is the basis of life on our planet, is the only star in this universe of billions of stars. Earth on the other hand is similar to a small point in this vast space called the universe. 

Galaxy Formation and Evolution

Earth is one of the eight planets, all these planets revolve around the Sun. These billions of stars present in the universe are not evenly distributed in space. These stars occur in groups (or clusters) called galaxies. Thus, in order to study the structure of this universe, we will first discuss the galaxies, stars, planets, satellites etc. located in the universe.

Distance measuring unit in the universe

• Extremely large distances between various celestial bodies, stars and planets can be expressed in the astronomical unit Light Years and Parsec.
• The astronomical unit is defined as the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. An astronomical unit is equal to 1.5 X 10⁸ km.
• The distance traveled by light in a year is called light year. It is equal to a distance of 9.46 X 10¹² km.
• Parsec: Parsec is used in astronomy. Its length is based on trigonometric angle, an ancient method of measuring distances between stars. It tells the distance at which the radius of the Earth's orbit shifts the angle of the circle in one second. A parsec equates to a distance of about 30.86 ptometers, 3.26 light years or 30.9 trillion km.

Origin of the Universe (Galaxy formation and Evolution)

The universal theory of the origin of the universe is the Big Bang theory. It is also called the extended universe hypothesis. In 1920, Edwin Habbal testified that the universe was expanding. With the passage of time, galaxies are moving away from each other.

The expansion of the universe here means increasing the distance between galaxies. Scientists believe
is that the distance between galaxies is increasing, but observations do not prove the expansion of the sky. Hoyle proposed the permanent state concept as an alternative. According to them, the universe has always been the same, it has neither started nor end. Although the scientific community now supports the universe expansion theory, after getting many evidences regarding the expansion of the universe.

States of Big Bang Theory

Initially, all the substances from which the universe originated were located in the same place as a single atom. Whose volume was extremely low and temperature and density were infinite.
In the process of Big Bang, it caused a huge explosion in the very small ball. This type of explosion process led to a wide expansion. There is now a general consensus among astronomers about the fact that the incident of Bigbang occurred 13.7 billion years ago.

The expansion of the universe continues even today. Some energy was converted into matter due to expansion. After the explosion, a large expansion took place within a short span of one second. After this the pace of expansion slowed down. The first atom was formed within the first three minutes of the Big Bang. During the 3 million years from the Big Bang, temperatures dropped to 4500 degrees Kelvin and atomic materials were formed.

Evidence in support of the big bang theory

Evidence: -
Red shift phenomenon in relation to galaxies: If the distance of the light source increases from us, the frequency of received light will be virtual and this frequency will migrate towards the red character of the visible spectrum.
Explanation: -
Other skies are rapidly moving away from us.

Evidence: -
As the distance between galaxies increases, the red shift of its light is greater.
Explanation: -
The best explanation of this is that the whole Universe is expanding. This supports the theory that the universe may have originated with an explosion.
Evidence: -
Cosmic microwave radiation background
Explanation: -
The relatively uniform cosmic microwave radiation is a residue of energy produced immediately after the Big Bang.

Milky Way

It is a group of stars that are bound together by their own gravitational force.

Its main features are:

• It is spiral.
• Its diameter is about 100,000 light years and its size is stunning.
• It is rotating counterclockwise at its center.
• All the stars (along with the solar system as well as the Sun) revolve around the center of the galaxy.
• The star disk is quite thick at the center, representing a relatively high concentration of stars at the center of the galaxy.
• The distance of the Sun from its center is quite large (about 27000 light years).

Microclimate | Types of Microclimate

Micro-climate 

Micro-climate means a garden, park, valley, or a part of a city. The small area has a specific climate. Weather-related changes in temperature, rainfall, air or humidity, which occur in micro-climates, may be somewhat different from the conditions in the entire region. Several factors are responsible for the micro-climate. like:

1. The ability to maintain heat in urban areas
2. Mountain slopes
3. Absence of vegetation in areas such as the city's Central Business District (CBD)
4. Intensive vegetation presence in protected areas
5. Types of soil

Different types of micro-climate exist in different types of environment on the surface of the Earth:

1-Upland Regions   

• The altitude areas have a distinct type of climate, which is different from the surrounding lowlands. Generally there is a decrease in altitude as well as temperature which depends on the humidity of the air. It is noteworthy that the rate of temperature drop is between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius per 1000 meters. This means that even the areas at normal elevation are on average much cooler.
• Occasionally, the air in areas at high altitudes becomes warm due to temperature derivatives, but such conditions do not exist for long. Temperatures in high mountainous and mountainous regions are, on average, so low that winters are too long and summers are too short.
• Catabatic air also creates cool conditions in the valleys. It is because of these conditions that the plants and animals found here differ from those living in the lower places.

2-Coastal area

• The climate of coastal areas is affected by both land and sea as coastal areas form a boundary line between terrestrial and oceanic regions. Due to the thermal properties of the water, the daily sea temperature is relatively constant against the site. The seas take longer to warm up during summers and conversely, it also takes longer to cool during winters.
• Coastal micro-climates exhibit different types of characteristics, depending on the variations of the surface. In tropical regions there is little change in sea temperature. The coastal climate is affected by the daytime heating in terrestrial areas and the cooling process in the night.
• In temperate latitudes, the coastal climate is more affected by the sea area than the site. In winter the coastal parts are pleasant compared to the interior areas and cool in summer. Due to the presence of snow around the polar regions, the temperature of the sea areas is low. The position of the coast in these areas varies due to the melting of ice and the re-freezing of sea water.

3-Forest Regions

Although tropical rainforests are found on only about 6% of the Earth's surface, they contribute significantly to the transfer of atmospheric water vapor. This process is caused by the evaporation of green leaves. The forest areas are less windy and cool than their surrounding grasslands. The reason for this is that trees block the way of air and also block the fraction of sun radiation from them.

4-Urban Regions

Urban areas are the most complex of all microclimate areas. The temperature of these areas is higher than the surrounding areas. The details of rainfall in a town or city depends very much on the topography of the area. For example, the amount of rainfall is found more in hilly areas and lowest in lowlands. In fact, the nature of rainfall varies throughout the year in these areas. In summer, the rainfall is generally showery in nature and in the short time more rainfall is received. Usually this rainfall is more intense than in winter.

4.1-Urban Climate

Green regions of the world have a distinct type of climate different from regional characteristics. Today the process of rapid urbanization has drastically changed the physical environment. This climate change is a clear example of the role of humans. There has also been a change in the surface energy, humidity and wind speed conditions of the urban climate.

City-Rain-Women-Urban-Climate-Umbrella

• Urban development constrains the surface and climatic characteristics of the atmosphere. Land use change, desalination, drainage and construction projects create a new micro-climate around them and a group of these diverse human-affected micro-climates create an urban climate. The urban area has also changed the composition of air, temperature and rainfall etc.
• Wind speeds are slower than open areas due to the structure of the resistant nature of cities. During the daytime, the speed of the winds in the cities is much slower than the surrounding areas but at night, the disturbance varies over the cities. The strongest winds prevail in the rural-urban transition areas and its effects are more pronounced in winter than in summer.
• Most urban areas being built from concrete (concreteization) absorb much less water per area than rural areas. For this reason, heavy rainfall in some areas increases the risk of local urban flooding and specific measures need to be taken to reduce this risk. Due to heavy construction activities in floodplains, both duration and intensity of urban floods increase.
• Cities tend to have lower humidity than rural or forest covered areas. Due to the concrete surface, water runoff becomes faster. Low vegetation cover and general absence of water bodies in urban areas also reduce humidity and evaporation.
• On the other hand it seems that in some circumstances the thermal and turbulent conditions of cities cause rain or thunderstorms. Urban areas sometimes receive more rainfall and storms than surrounding areas. As a result, these areas grow relatively.
• Pressure fluctuations are much greater during winter than in summer. During the winter the average high pressure system is found to have more high pressure and lower pressure system with lower pressure. This causes more rapid flow of air in this system. Due to this instability, much variation in temperature is observed during winter. Although most days of summertime have almost the same temperature, the temperature of winter season fluctuates dramatically.

4.2- Urban Heat Island

Temperature is generally higher in urban areas than in open and rural areas. The most important reason for this is that the amount of sunlight absorbed during the day by the buildings and other concrete construction of the city is radiated at night. Temperatures are generally higher during the day than at night and this is even more pronounced when the air flow is slow.

Urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area that is much warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference between the urban center and its surrounding areas is excessive, which can be up to 10 ° C.

The following factors are responsible for the construction of the urban heat island:

• High buildings: High buildings, narrow lanes cause a decrease in net long wave radiation, as these buildings decrease the visibility of the sky. Different surfaces are provided for the reflection and absorption of sunlight by tall buildings, which increases the heating efficiency of urban areas.

• Heat absorbing structural structures: For example, concrete used in buildings absorbs more sunlight due to the thermal properties of asphalt. Later this heat is released at a slow rate in the form of long waves, which slows down the cooling process.

• Population growth: As the population increases in urban areas, the average temperature also increases with the expansion of the area. For example, in Los Angeles, there was rapid urban development after World War II, which caused the average temperature in urban areas to increase by about 0.5 ° C each decade.

• Pollution: The chemicals emitted by vehicles and industries also react differently in sunlight, due to which often more heat is produced. Blanketing effect generated by atmospheric pollution in the Earth's radiation is also a cause of heat.

• Absence of vegetation: Due to the land without vegetation, the rate of evaporation is low. Also, the various benefits (shade and cooling effect, albido) effect they get and the absorption of carbon dioxide deprive urban areas.

• Industrial and Household Appliances: Direct emission of heat is caused by industries and homes in urban areas.

The urban heat island effect of different cities varies according to the urban structure as well as the temperature range also varies. Parks and green belts help to reduce temperatures while the Central Business District (CBD), commercial areas and even suburban residential areas are high-temperature areas. Each house, building and street affects the micro-climate around them and thus contribute to the urban heat island effect.

Impact on Urban dwellers

• A lot of energy is consumed to keep buildings cool.
• The urban heat island effect increases the production of pollutants such as ozone, which leads to a decrease in air quality.
• Water quality deteriorates due to the flow of hot water into streams. Hence, there is pressure on the ecosystem.
• The increased heat increases the photochemical reaction, which increases the amount of particles in the air and thus contributes to the formation of smog. London, for example, receives about 270 hours less sunlight from the surrounding rural area due to smoke and cloud.

4.3-Atmospheric pollution in cities

• The problem of atmospheric pollution arises when humans emit unwanted elements and energy in the environment to the extent that it cannot be assimilated by the ecosystem. This creates health problems and damages the environment and property.
• The urban environment is affected by soot, ash, gas, smoke and sulfur, carbon, nitrogen oxides. Green house gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are mainly responsible for the increase in Earth's temperature. They also produce blanketing effects for urban radiation, increasing the albedo of the urban area. Sulfur dioxide and related chemicals are considered primarily primary factors of acid rain. These particles also act as condensation nuclei.
• Under normal conditions, most of the pollution is transmitted upwards into the atmosphere due to disturbance and flows with high winds at high altitudes. However, high-rise buildings in cities impede the smooth transmission of these particles. The highest concentration of smoke is found in places with slow air speed, temperature inversion and high relative humidity.
• To deal with this problem, with the active participation of civil society and urban population, several strategies will be required. The government is taking various measures to curb air pollution through legislation, tax benefits and other schemes on a long-term level. Civil society can play an important role in spreading environmental awareness among the people and helping in urban forestry etc.

La Nina | La Nina Effect | El Nino Modoki and La Nina Modoki

La Niña

La Niña is also a Spangish word meaning "The Little Girl". It is also a per se oceanic stream. La Niña produces the opposite effect of Alnino, due to which it was formerly called Anti-Alnino G. During La Niña Cold water buoyancy intensifies in the eastern tropical Pacific. During the La Niña period, the sea surface temperature (SST) of the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean decreases to 3–5 ° C above normal.

It takes effect in the western Pacific Ocean while El Niño in the eastern Pacific Ocean ceases. Scientists believe that La Niña replaces the drought conditions generated by El Niño in the western Pacific Ocean with humid weather. With the emergence of La Nina, the increase in temperature in the tropical part of the western Pacific Ocean leads to greater evaporation in Indonesia and adjoining areas due to higher evaporation. The ascending and descending branches of walker transmission become more sophisticated and distinct during La Nina.

Effects of la nina

• Africa- Due to the influence of La Nina, there are more humid conditions in southern Africa from December to February, and equatorial East Africa has a drier state than normal during the same period.
• Asia - Tropical cyclones that form along the subtropical ridge during La Niña migrate westward to the western Pacific Ocean. This displacement of cyclones increases the risk of landslides in China. La Niña generally has a positive impact on the South Asian monsoon, as the Indian Ocean loop of the Walker Cell becomes stronger due to La Niña. In 1998, heavy flooding occurred in China, India and Bangladesh as La Nina received more water than normal.
• South America - At the time of La Niña, drought conditions occur in the coastal areas of Peru and Chile.
• North America - La Nina mostly has the opposite effect of El Nina. Northern California, the Northern Rocky Mountains, etc. have higher-than-average rainfall. Cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean increase and impact in the Pacific.

El Nino Modoki and La Nina Modoki

Like El Niño, El Niño Modoki (Modoki in Japanese means' similar, but different) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the tropical Pacific. El Niño is characterized by anomalous heating of the eastern equatorial Pacific region. El Niño Modocí, on the other hand, is associated with the anomalous heating of the central tropical Pacific and the cooling of the eastern and western tropical regions.

La Nina Modoki is associated with low oceanic surface temperatures (SST) of the central tropical Pacific Ocean while the eastern and western tropical Pacific regions are relatively warm. It consists of two walker cells. First, the ascending edge at both ends of the tropical Pacific and the second, the descending edge of both cells on the central equatorial Pacific.

Both El Niño Modoki and La Niña Modoki form ENSO Modoki. Several studies have shown that ENSO modoki has become more effective than ENSO in recent times.

El Nino Modoki has its own distinct pattern and is affecting many parts of the world. For example, the west coastal region of the United States receives more rainfall during El Niño but the region becomes dry during El Niño Modocci.
Rainfall in India and South Africa is also being affected due to ENSO Modoki. El Niño reduces the formation of cyclones in the Arabian Sea. Whereas El Niño Modoki has caused more cyclones to form in the Arabian Sea than in the normal situation for some years. At the time of El Niño Modoki, a descending branch of the walker cell is located in the Bay of Bengal, causing drought conditions in the region. As a result, cyclones do not form in this region. On the other hand, a large amount of winds converge on the Arabian Sea at the time of El Niño Modoki, due to which a large number of cyclones form in this region.

El Nino | El Nino Effect | El Nino Weather | El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) | El Nino Climate Change

The presented chapter attempts to explain some specific atmospheric phenomena such as Walker transmission, El Niño, La Niña, El Niño Modocci, La Niña Modocci, ENSO etc. Simultaneously micro-climates, applied climatology and their effects on human life have been described. 

El Nino

El Nino is a Spanish word that literally means "The Little Boy" or "Christ Child", as this stream originates around Christmas. El Niño is a complex weather system occurring every 5 to 10 years. This system consists of oceanic and atmospheric phenomena. This causes climatic anomalies to be reversed by global seasonal conditions. Due to this, droughts, floods and extreme seasonal conditions arise in different parts of the world.

Under normal conditions, the waters of the East Pacific Ocean (near Peru and Ikkador) are cold and shallow and the waters of the Western Pacific Ocean (Indonesia and Western Australia) are warm and deep. In this case, the cold waters of Peru flow along the Peruvian coast towards the equator, known as the Humboldt Stream. Also prevalent, sea water is carried far away from the coast by the winds. With the removal of this surface water, the cold water comes up from the surface as a result of the discharge of the cold water.

Cold Water Upwelling

The surface water is pushed away from the coast by the winds flowing parallel to the shoreline and the water coming down takes the place of this water. The arrival of this cold water from the sea to the surface is called levitation.

At the time of solubilization, there is abundant nutrient in the water coming from the depths of the sea to the surface, which helps in the growth of seaweeds and phytoplankton. These phytoplankton serve as a basic source of energy for animals at high levels in the food chain, such as fish, marine mammals, sea birds, etc. For this reason, many coastal elevation systems, such as the West Coast of the United States, are one of the world's most productive coastal ecosystems and are also important in fisheries terms.

Apart from the above process of cold water stirring, there are other types of stirrings

1. Offshore winds
2. Oceanic ventilation
3. Changes in oceanic coastal geometry

In El Niño year: 

In certain years the Peru or Humboldt water stream is replaced by El Niño and the eastern Pacific Ocean is warmer and the Western Pacific Ocean becomes relatively colder. This cold water rises 3 to 4 degrees Celsius above normal near El Parino, the predominant El Niño, causing excessive rainfall through convection in these areas.

General Conditions in the Tropical Pacific & El Nino Conditions in the Tropical Pacific

Effect of El Nino

Biological destruction

Due to El Nino, due to excessive rainfall, the coastal desert sites become green, but the marine part: biological destruction. It is known that the coastal oceanic island of Peru is the most productive in the world for ocean organisms, because in normal conditions, there is an upward flow of cold water containing nutrients from the ocean at the bottom. ) Is helpful in growth. When El Nino is activated, this process stops, due to which there is lack of nutrients. This leads to a major reduction in primary productivity and disrupts the seafood chain. As a result, ocean biodiversity is affected.

Excess of rain and effect on Indian monsoon

Due to the El Niño effect, some inland areas of South America, generally considered dry, receive heavy rainfall. In general, this desert region becomes green in nature and relatively increase in agricultural productivity is observed.

It is known that the year in which the El Niño is occurring, the rainfall in the eastern tropical part of the eastern Pacific Ocean increases by 4 to 6 times on average, while in the western Pacific Ocean, there is a drought situation that causes Indonesia, India, Bangladesh etc. are hit by drought. Due to El Nino, the southwest monsoon weakens and the lack of rainfall in India increases the chances of drought. The 1997–98 horrific fire in Indonesia's forests has been described as a byproduct of the drought caused by El Niño. 

Walker transmission or Circulation

Walker transmission is the east – west circulation occurring in the upper atmosphere of the tropical Pacific. A vascular cell is formed as a result of high pressure gradient. This pressure gradient arises from high pressure over the eastern Pacific and low pressure near Indonesia.

Eastern trading winds are part of the low-level transmission of the walker cell. Commercial winds are generally humid and humid in the Indonesian region. Here these humid winds normally flow from very hot sea area and reach the Hoker high atmospheric level. Due to these ascending winds, low pressure area, constant rain cloud and rain area are formed here. On the other hand, the winds propagating towards the east descend into the eastern Pacific Ocean. Due to these descending winds, high pressure and dry conditions are created here. Thus the walker cell is completed.

The walker transmission weakens or even reverses during El Niño. The surrounding ocean area of ​​Australia gets colder, causing high air pressure and, therefore, less rainfall in the region. Conversely, due to El Niño in the eastern Pacific, warming sea water creates an area of ​​low air pressure. At this stage, westerly winds begin to move over the western equatorial and parts of the Central Pacific, which is usually the eastern trading windmill.

The characteristics of walker transmission are largely determined by the combination between the tropical atmosphere and the oceans. Its intensity fluctuates along with the southern oscillation.

Impact of Walker Transmission on Global Climate:

Atmospheric effects related to Walker transmission fluctuations are found around tropical and subtropical regions of the Pacific Rim. Walker transmission largely controls the exchange of motion, heat and water vapor occurring in tropical regions. Thus it plays an important role in the balance of atmospheric energy in equatorial regions as well as determining the characteristics of weather and climate in tropical regions.

Equatorial Countercurrent

It is a surface stream flowing between the northern and southern equatorial currents which flows from west to east slope. The accumulation of water in the western part of the ocean due to commercial winds creates a general gradient gradient (in water) from west to east direction, due to which a stream of water starts to flow eastward with the help of gradient. is. It is a reflection of the Pacific Ocean that increases its effectiveness by increasing El Nino's effectiveness.

During El Niño, trading winds weaken from their actual position. This weak surface helps to strengthen the warm equatorial current and helps to replace the cold Peruvian current that flows along the coast of South America. This stream flows the warm waters of the West Pacific Ocean towards the Central and East Pacific Ocean. Thus it also increases the sea surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

• Two phenomena are included under ENSO: The first is mainly oceanography known as El Niño. The second phenomenon is atmospheric called Southern oscillation.
• During El Niño, low dow is formed over a large part of the southeastern Pacific, while high pressure occurs near Indonesia and northern Australia, located in the Western Pacific. At the end of the El Niño event, the atmospheric pressure difference between these two regions changes again to its opposite position. This C-S pattern of atmospheric pressure between the eastern and western Pacific is known as the "southern oscillation".
• The intensity of the southern oscillation is represented by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The intensity of SOI is measured by the difference in pressure fluctuations between Tahiti, French Polynesia, Darwin and Australia. Under the positive value of SOI, the pressure in the Indian Ocean region is lower in the winter season and higher in the Pacific Ocean region. This makes the southwest monsoon common. In contrast, the pressure in the region is found to be higher in the Indian Ocean region during negative values. This makes the monsoon weak. The negative value is directly related to the development of El Niño, its combined effect is known as ENSO phenomenon.
• ENSO helps in the transfer of heat from low latitudes to high latitudes. It is considered as an essential mechanism to sustain long-term global climatic stability.
• Oxygen dissolved in seawater begins to decrease due to the long-lasting ENSO phenomenon. As a result, hydrogen-sulfide and other gases are produced. These gases are responsible for coral wall bleaching and also damage the lead paint of ships.
• The most important aspect of the ENSO phenomenon is that it causes changes in the form of rainfall all over the world.

Ocean | Ocean of the world | Ocean in India

OCEAN OF THE WORLD 

Oceans cover about 71% of the Earth. The area of ​​the world's oceans and seas is 367 million square kilometers. Which is twice the area of ​​Mars and nine times the area of ​​the moon. 98% of the water is in the rivers, about 2% is in the rivers, lakes, underground and soil. Earth is called "water planet" due to its abundance of water. If the surface of the earth is put in the sea level and then the depth of the ocean will be about 2.25 kilometers on the whole earth. Life on earth is possible due to water.

OCEAN OF THE WORLD MAP

The oceans and oceans are spread over 70.8% of the Earth's light. There are five oceans in the world which are as follows: -

(1) Pacific Ocean

(2) Atlantic Ocean

(3) Indian Ocean

(4) Arctic Ocean

(5) South Ocean

Most of the ocean floor remains later, which is less than 8 million years old. Eurasia and Africa plato came in close proximity and collided with today's continents and oceans.

THE PACIFIC OCEAN

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest sea in the world. Comparative physical and geographical studies show that the Earth has less area and more water area in this ocean.

At first Petterbuke began to find out about it. The United Nations discovered when World War II ended, it still continues.Its area is more than 6,36,34,000 square miles i.e. twice the Atlantic Ocean.

It runs from the Philippines coast to Panama 9,455 miles wide and connects the Arctic Sea from the Bering Water Treaty to the Antarctic (South). Life here is different due to its spread over such a large area. The Pacific Ocean has an average depth of. It is 14000 feet and maximum depth is 35400 feet.

There is a big difference between its eastern and western edges. The order of mountains is spread on the eastern edges. Or the sea plains are very narrow. This is why there is a lack of good monkey village port. And civilization has not progressed too much. The Bering Strait is covered with snow. Due to which traffic is interrupted.

In contrast, there is no mountain on its western side, but there are islands, chadis, peninsulas and deltas. On the western shore, there are about 7000 islands of Japan, Philippines, Hindusia etc.Large rivers of the world fall on this shore. Whose deltas are densely populated and have good ports.

THE PACIFIC OCEAN

The shape of the Pacific Ocean is triangular. Its top is on the Bering Strait, is the shape of a horse hoof and forms a basin dropped from volcanic mountains and small hills.

America's west coast is covered with icy cliffs from Vuget Sound to Alaska.On the north side is the segment of Alushain Island. Which runs from the adjacent parts of Siberia to the Bering Sea.

The surface of the Pacific Ocean is usually flat. The eastern parts are in the Deepless and the eastern part of America. Most of it is 18000 feet deep.Most of its depth is at least 13000 feet in what was called the Albatross Plateau, located in the western part of South America.The other branches of this platform extend northwards to the Riutat and the Duoye Islands to the west and Antarctica to the south.

The power of the ocean is mainly filled with many big long trenches in the west. Some important trenches are:

Mariana Trench & Tusora - 32644 feet

Rampa - 32824 feet

Aldrich - 30930 ft

Allushan - 24194 feet

International Hydrographic Organization

The equator has been resorted to to divide it into two parts. 1500 Western countries are used for the same parts of the eastern Pacific. Which is south of the equator. It was discovered by the Spanish Basseo and it named the Pacific Ocean as the South Sea at a place called Panama.

The weakest part of the crust passes through the northeast and west of the Pacific Ocean. Due to this, most of the earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are here.There are still 300 such volcanic mountains, in which the continual prayers pray.Isolated islands have originated in this ocean through coral reefs, volcanoes or earthquakes.

Facts of the Pacific Ocean

• The Pacific Ocean separates Asia and Australia from the Americas.
• Basins in the Pacific Ocean contains 75% of the world's active volcanoes.
• The Pacific Ocean is 2 times larger than the Atlantic Ocean.
• On the west side of the Pacific Ocean, there are a total of 4000 islands, including Japan, Philippines, Hinesia etc.
• There are 55 countries on the border of the Pacific Ocean.
• 50% of the ocean water on Earth is in the Pacific Ocean.
• 70% of the world's fish are found in this ocean.
• The first man to cross the Pacific Ocean to swim across the 9100 km long ocean, the French swimmer "Ben Lacom" leaped from the east coast of Japan to the Pacific Ocean on 5 June.

THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

The dark ocean or Atlantic Ocean is the name of the vast water body that separates the continents of Europe and Africa from the continents of the New World. It is the world's second largest ocean in area and area. Who has surrounded 1/5 area of ​​the Earth. The name of this ocean is derived from the Greek culture in which it is called the sea of ​​maps.

THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

• The shape of this ocean is almost similar to the English letter eight. Its width is much less than the length.
• The Arctic Sea which stretches from Bering Strait to the North Pole to Spitsbergen and Greenland.
• Its length is 12810 miles.
• The Waddle Sea situated in the south is also part of this.
• The black noise of this ocean is also called Sagar.
• This ocean extends over 20% of the Earth's surface. And is the second largest ocean after the Pacific Ocean.
• Deep group - Ascension Island, Gough Island, Buwait Island

THE INDIAN OCEAN

The Indian Ocean is the third largest sea in the world and contains about 20% of the water present on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian subcontinent in the west by East Africa, on the east by Indian China, the Sunda Islands and Australia, and on the south by the South Polar Ocean.

THE INDIAN OCEAN

The major islands of the Indian Ocean are: -

(1) Madagascar [is the fourth largest island in the world]

(2) Réunion Island [is the island of France]

(3) Comoyes [This is the island of Africa]

(4) Seychelles [115 Deep Group Nation]

(5) Maldives [Dodo bird has become extinct]

(6) Mauritius [A double chain of 26 coral island lamps]

(7) Sri Lanka [Official name of Socialist Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka]

(8) Indonesia [World's most islands]

NOTE :-

• Its shape is like the deformed M.
• It is the Bastille Ocean on three sides.
• It has ancient plateau plots on its borders.
• As a result of IIOE between 1960-1965 several unique facts regarding the bottom of this ocean came to light.

THE ARCTIC OCEAN

The North Polar Ocean or the Arctic Ocean, located in the northern hemisphere of the Earth, extends mostly into the Arctic North Polar region. It is the smallest and shallow ocean in the world.

THE ARCTIC OCEAN

The International Hydrographic Organization accepts it as an ocean. It is completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America and is partially covered by sea ice throughout the year.

THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 

THE SOUTHERN OCEAN

It is also known as Antarctica Ocean or Australian Ocean. This ocean surrounds the Antarctica continent. According to Commodore "John Leach" of the International Hydrographic Organization used the term Southern Ocean.

Some Important Facts on Ocean:-

1. Sargasso Sagar, which is designated as the ocean desert.
2. Approximately 90 meters deep upper part of the oceans as far as the sun's sufficient light is known is called the light field.
3. The "Planck Wave Theory" related to the origin of oceanic trenches or canions has been produced by Devils, Rothers, and Delis.
4. The Kari Mata Strait connects the two oceans of the South China Sea and the Jaba Sea.

Geography Syllabus

GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAM

• Movement of Earth
• Interior Of Earth
• Latitudes and Longitudes
• Solar System
• Atmosphere
• All You need to know about States of India
• Winds
• Ocean and Ocean Currents
• Volcanoes and Earthquakes
• Habitats